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Sri Ponna
Sri Ponna ((カンナダ語:ಶ್ರೀ ಪೊನ್ನ)) (c. 950) was a noted Kannada poet in the court of Rashtrakuta Dynasty king Krishna III (r.939–968 CE). The emperor honoured Ponna with the title "emperor among poets" (''Kavichakravarthi'') for his domination of the Kannada literary circles of the time, and the title "imperial poet of two languages" (''Ubhayakavi Chakravarti'') for his command over Sanskrit as well.〔Narasimhacharya (1988), p. 18〕〔Sastri (1955), p. 356〕〔Rice E.P. (1921), p. 31〕 Ponna is often considered one among the "three gems of Kannada literature" (''Ratnatraya'', ''lit'' meaning "three gems"; Adikavi Pampa and Ranna being the other two) for ushering it in full panoply.〔〔Rice E.P. (1921), p. 30〕〔 According to the scholar R. Narasimhacharya, Ponna is known to have claimed superiority over all the poets of the time.〔 According to scholars Nilakanta Shastri and E.P. Rice, Ponna belonged to Vengi, in modern Andhra Pradesh, but later migrated to Manyakheta (in modern Gulbarga district, Karnataka), the Rashtrakuta capital, after his conversion to the Jainism.〔〔
==Writings==
His most famous extant works in Kannada are ''Shantipurana'', written in ''champu'' style (mixed prose-verse classical composition style inherited from Sanskrit), ''Bhuvanaika-Ramabhyudaya'', a eulogical writing, and ''Jinaksharamale'', a Jain ''Purana'' and an acrostic poem written in praise of noted Jain saints and Tirthankars (''Jainas'') in 39 chapters (''kandas'').〔〔Sahitya Akademi (1987), p. 620〕〔Mukherjee (1999), p. 291〕''Ramakatha'', a writing based on the Hindu epic Ramayana, of which only a few stanzas are available is also assigned to Ponna.〔Garg (1992), p.67〕 Historians Kamath and Shastri are not certain whether his extinct classic, ''Gatapratiagata'', is in Kannada or Sanskrit. However, according to the professor L.S. Sheshagiri Rao of the Sahitya Akademi, the writing is in Kannada and belongs to the genre of "literary exercise".〔〔Kamath (2001), p. 90〕〔Rao in Datta (1988), p.1240〕
''Shantipurana'' is an important Jain purana, and a eulogy of the 16th Jain Tirthankara and emperor, Shantinatha. It was written to commomorate the attainment of ''nirvana'' ("salvation") of a Jain guru called Jainachandra Deva. The writing comprises twelve sections (''ashwasas'') of which nine sections focus on Shantinatha's eleven previous births, and the remaining three sections give biographical details of the protagonist. In this writing, Ponna borrowed significantly from previous works of the Sanskrit poet Kalidasa though he does rise to great heights in his narration justifying his claim to scholarship (''Vidwat Kavi''). Ponna also seems to have used as a source, a narrative poem written by a Kannada poet called Asaga, whose works are now extinct. Ponna's claim that his work is superior to that of Asaga gives us information that the latter must have been considered an important poet of that era.〔〔〔Warder (1988), p. 248〕
Scholars were divided about Ponna's protagonist in ''Bhuvanaika-Ramabhyudaya''. The scholar D.L. Narasimhachar had opined that Ponna had eulogised Shankaraganda, a vassal king under emperor Krishna III. This opinion was based on the fact that Shankaraganda held the honorific ''Bhuvanaikarama''. However, modern Kannada poet Govinda Pai argued in his 1936 article, ''Ponnana Bhuvanaikaramanu yaru'' ("Who was Ponna's Bhuvanaikarama"?), that king Shankaraganda being a Jain by faith could not have been the central figure in a secular writing and that emperor Krishna III also held the same title. Later, the scholar D.L. Narasimhachar confirmed the validity of Govinda Pai's findings.〔Bhat (1993), p. 105〕
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